Generation Of Computer

Introduction:

A generation refers to the state of improvement in the product development process. this term is also used in different advancements of new computer technology.
Each generation of computers is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful, more efficient and reliable devices.

First Generation 1942-55

The first generation computers used vacuum tubes for circuit and magnetic drums for memory. these were big machines. these were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctioning.
Machine language was used to perform operations, and these could only solve one problem at a time.

The era of the first generation of computers spanned the period between 1946 and 1959. First-generation computers were so massive in size that an entire room was required to house them. These computers utilized vacuum tubes made of glass. Due to the presence of thousands of vacuum tubes, their physical dimensions were extremely large. These computers employed a batch processing operating system. They were primarily used for performing calculations and storing data.

Second Generation 1955-65

Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and brought in the second generation of computers. transistors were far superior to the vacuum tubes, allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first generation predecessors.

The era of second-generation computers spanned from 1956 to 1963. These computers utilized transistors instead of vacuum tubes, which made them smaller in size compared to first-generation computers. Assembly language and high-level languages ​​were used in this generation of computers. They required constant maintenance; however, they performed calculations with a high degree of accuracy. Compared to first-generation computers, second-generation computers were more affordable.

Now You Know

Second generation computers used transistors as their main electronic component. transistor was invented by bell lab scientists john burden, Walter Brattain and William Shock .The third generation of computers, spanning from 1965 to 1971, marked the introduction of Integrated Circuits (ICs), making computers smaller, faster, and more reliable. The use of high-level programming languages, such as COBOL and FORTRAN, made computers easier to use. These systems were more affordable compared to earlier models, yet they still required skilled maintenance. This generation played a pivotal role in shaping modern computing and improved the way businesses and scientists utilized computers.

Kley in 1947 and won the Nobel prize in 1956 but it was not used in computers till 1956. the second generation continued until the implementation of IC chips invented by jack Kilky in Texas instruments in 1958.

Third Generation 1965-71

The Development of the integrated circuits (ICs) was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semi-conductors, which drastically Increased the speed and efficiency of computers.

The third generation of computers, which lasted from 1965 to 1971, used integrated circuits (ICs) instead of transistors. An IC is a small chip that contains many transistors, resistors, capacitors, and necessary connections in a single unit, making computers smaller and more efficient. This invention by Jack Kilky made computers more reliable and faster. Meanwhile, remote processing, time-sharing.

The third generation of computers, spanning from 1965 to 1971, marked the introduction of Integrated Circuits (ICs), making computers smaller, faster, and more reliable. The use of high-level programming languages, such as COBOL and FORTRAN, made computers easier to use. These systems were more affordable compared to earlier models, yet they still required skilled maintenance. This generation played a pivotal role in shaping modern computing and improved the way businesses and scientists utilized computers.

The third generation of computers utilized Integrated Circuits (chips); consequently, their physical size was significantly smaller compared to second-generation computers. However, manufacturing and repairing these chips proved to be quite challenging. Third-generation computers operated at a higher speed than those of the first and second generations. Furthermore, the memory capacity of computers in this generation was also greater. Nevertheless, these computers generated more heat compared to their first and second-generation predecessors.

Fourth Generation 1971-Present

The development of micro-processor brought about the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were rebuilt onto a single silicon chip. in the world of personal computers, the terms micro-processor and CPU are used interchangeably. at the heart of all personal computers and most workstation sits a micro-processor. micro-processor also controls the logic of almost all digital devices, from clock radios to fuel injection systems for automobiles.

Fifth Generation-Present And Beyond

Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development through there are some applications such as voice recognition, that are being used today.
Artifical-intelligence is the branch of computer science concerned with making computers behave like humans. the term was coined in 1965 by john McCarthy. two main areas of artificial intelligence are:

The changes occurring in the technology utilized by computers are referred to as ‘computer generations.’ The development of computers began around the 16th century, followed by continuous changes thereafter. Initially, the term ‘generation’ was used to distinguish between different hardware technologies; however, today, the concept of a generation encompasses both hardware and software, which together constitute a computer system. To date, there have been five generations of computers.

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