WHAT IS OOP |FULL DETAIL AND ITS EXTRA KNOWLEDGE

What is Object Oriented Programming – OOPs

What is Object-Oriented Programming?

The most important feature of the Python programming language is that it is one of the simplest and most object-oriented programming languages. But the question is, what is Object-Oriented Programming in Hindi? In this article, we will discuss OOPs in great detail. The full form of OOPs is Object-Oriented Programming System.

In object-oriented programming, an object means a physical quantity or a piece of code or data designed in programming, which is also called an object. In fact, the basic objective of object-oriented programming is to treat a piece of code or data as an object and operate it, and to make its operation multi-functional and easy by dividing it into classes.

This programming method is the first computer programming method that works with objects and classes instead of functions and logic, which further increases the efficiency of that programming language.

In the early days of programming, some programs were difficult for programmers to understand. Therefore, the Structured Programming Language (SPL) system was invented, which significantly helped make programs more organized and easier to understand.

However, the structured programming system only allowed programs to be easily understood to a certain extent. To address this problem, a new programming method was invented, which came to be known as Object-Oriented Programming.

It is not a separate programming language, but rather a programming methodology that, through its unique features such as inheritance, encapsulation, polymorphism, extensibility, persistence, and delegation, simplifies even the most complex programs by dividing them into classes.

This new programming methodology sparked a revolution in the world of programming, and coding languages ??have enabled many previously unimagined innovations in technology.

There are four types of programming models, the basis of which all programming languages ??operate. These four models are:

Procedural Programming,
Logical Programming,
Functional Programming

Object-Oriented Programming

Each model has its own set of concepts, upon which its programming languages ??are based. OOPs is based on concepts that include both data and functions. This allows the programmer to establish relationships between objects.

OOPS PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

Semula was the first programming language to support the OOPs approach. Subsequently, a programming language called “Smalltalk” was developed, which is considered the first “pure” object-oriented programming language.

Java
Python
Ruby
PHP
JavaScript
Swift
Perl
COBOL
Kotlin
Scala
Lisp
Objective-C
Ada
Rust
Golang
MATLAB
Object Pascal
TypeScript
Common Lisp
Dart
Eiffel
Elixir
Tcl
ABAP

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING (Oops) AND PROCEDURAL-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING (Pops)

In procedural-oriented programming, program components can be divided into functions, while in object-oriented programming, smaller program segments are divided into objects or classes.
Pops uses a top-down approach, while Oops uses a bottom-up approach.

There is no special feature to hide data in Procedural Oriented Programming. Data hiding is considered quite effective,
While object-oriented programming has a data hiding feature to hide data. Therefore, object-oriented programming is considered much more secure than procedural-oriented programming.

LET AS LEARN

No restrictions can be imposed on accessing the code in Pop’s, but in Oop’s, you can control access, such as ‘Public’ or ‘Private’.
In Procedural Oriented Programming, if you want to insert any new data or function, you will have to revise your entire program, whereas in object-oriented programming, new data or function can be inserted without revising the program.

Procedural-oriented programming supports procedure abstraction, whereas object-oriented programming supports data abstraction.
It is very difficult to operate large programs through Procedural Oriented Programming, whereas object oriented programming can easily operate even the largest programs.

Overloading cannot be done in Pop’s, but function overloading and operator overloading can be done in Oop’s.
In Procedural Oriented Programming, data can be sent from one function to another, but in Object Oriented Programming, data can also be protected due to access specifiers, due to which transfer of functions is not possible.

OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING PARADIGM

Oops essentially connects the world of computer programming to the real world, enhancing its capabilities and making it more practical. This programming paradigm focuses more on data and, by increasing extensibility, significantly streamlines problems. It impacts the systematic execution of programs, not the explanation of program execution.

AND NEXT:-

An object is a unit that encapsulates data and functions. The OOP paradigm converts problems into objects, creating a model that mimics the real world. It then develops the available data and functions around the object, according to the problem, and closely integrates the data with its functions, preventing global access.

In object-oriented programming, data cannot be accessed directly because it features access specifiers that protect it from accidental tampering by other data. Accessing data in the object-oriented paradigm requires the function of its object. This system validates the data hiding principle, making our programming much more secure.

Because data is hidden in this paradigm, objects use their member functions to communicate with each other. One object can access the functions of another object, but one function cannot access the data of another object.

In the Object Oriented Programming paradigm, data is considered the most important component of program designing, hence it stores and organizes the data so that the functions of other objects cannot access and destroy it.

FEATURES OF OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

Object-oriented programming is a very efficient programming approach. It has some key features that make it so efficient. Let’s discuss them as we go along.

Class
Inheritance
Polymorphism
Data abstraction
Encapsulation
Message passing
Attributes
Extensibility
Generosity

Class

The concept of class in Oops is derived from the real world, which makes it different from other computer programming methods. In simple terms, a class refers to a group of objects with similar properties and behavior. A class is like an object’s identity, giving us complete information about the object and the data within it.

It can also be called the object’s blueprint. A class is constructed by combining functions and variables, in which functions operate according to the properties and behavior of their class. Those variables store the main data that is accessed by the function.

In programming, it is necessary to use the “class” keyword to create a class. After the class is created, doc-strings are written. These doc-strings are statements that provide information about the class.

After the doc-strings are created, data, variables, functions and methods are inserted in the form of statements in the class_body, which is the body of that class, which together form a class.

LET AS CONTIONUE

The “doc” attribute is used to access a class’s docstring, which prints that class’s docstring to the output. Similarly, the “func” attribute is used to access a class’s functions and print them to the output.

In Python, objects are like variables, storing a class as their value, which itself acts as a function.

Inheritance

As you’ve already read in this article, Object-Oriented Programming is very much in line with the real world. Just as parents’ biological characteristics are inherited by their children through genes, the properties and behavior of one class can be inserted into another.

When a developer develops a class in Object Oriented method, the behavior and properties of that class are formed from the functions and variables written in it. Inheritance is a mechanism with the help of which we can insert the characteristics of one class in another class as it is.

In programming, the class whose properties are taken out and inserted in another class is called Super Class, Parent Class or Base Class, and the class in which those properties are inserted is called Child Class, Derived Class or Sub Class.

The process of inheriting the properties of Parent Class into Child Class is called inheritance. This mechanism has proved to be very beneficial for the developers.

Polymorphism

Polymorphism is a core concept of OOPs that helps make this programming method more useful and simpler. The word polymorphism is derived from the Greek words “poly” and “morph,” meaning multiple forms. Simply put, polymorphism refers to the ability of an object to exist in multiple forms.

Polymorphism in programming is the ability for an object to exist in different forms simultaneously. It also allows variables and functions to take on more than one form at a time. The concept of inheritance is also used extensively in polymorphism. Polymorphism is used when a parent class is used as a reference to a child class.

Polymorphism provides developers with the flexibility to develop programs that are easily inherited, making them reusable and flexible. There are two types of polymorphism in programming:

Static polymorphism
Dynamic polymorphism

Static polymorphism

If the same function is created in different forms, that is, for different data types, it is called static polymorphism. For example, if a function is created once for the String data type and the same function is created a second time for the Integer data type, it is called static polymorphism.
In this case, a function is created for both the string and integer data types simultaneously.

Dynamic Polymorphism

It is a method used to correct run-time errors. It uses abstract classes and visual functions to create child classes that can inherit all the characteristics, properties, and behavior of abstract classes.

In addition, polymorphism also has three branches:

Ad hoc polymorphism
Parametric polymorphism
Inclusion polymorphism

Encapsulation

In Oops, encapsulation acts as a security system that protects data from accidental foreign attacks and direct access. Encapsulation essentially involves storing data and its functions within a single class, preventing any other function or method from accessing that data.

Only a function specific to that data can directly access it. The concept of encapsulation significantly protects the data.

Message Passing

In object-oriented programming, different objects are grouped together. Message passing is a system through which all these objects communicate with each other.
Objects communicate with each other in three steps. First, a class definition is created using the object’s abstract data. This class definition provides information about all the attributes, properties, and behavior of that object.

In the next step, smaller objects are created using the class definition of that abstract data type. Then, in the third step, these created objects communicate with each other. In this way, communication is established between the main objects and the process of message passing takes place.

Attributes

Attributes are members within a class or object that define the features of that class or object. These attributes are changeable, meaning you can change the properties and behavior of objects and classes as you see fit.

Extensibility

All programming languages ??that follow the Object-Oriented approach are extensible. Extensibility is a style that allows programmers to adopt new features in programming. With this feature, developers can easily control and use new data structures, notations, and operations.

Data abstraction

Data abstraction is a crucial concept in Oops, managing data display. When programming, there’s often a lot of data that doesn’t have any primary purpose. Managing data becomes extremely difficult for developers.

This problem can be addressed in object-oriented programming using data abstraction. Data abstraction allows data, variables, and functions to be restricted by making them public or private.
So that only private data will be displayed in the private sector, and only public data will be displayed in the public sector.

Generosity

Generosity is a major branch of OOPs that allows a function or class to work with different data types, making the programming language flexible.

You learned

What is Object-Oriented Programming ? In this article, we discussed Object-Oriented Programming, a very important concept in computer programming. It is not a separate programming language, but a programming methodology, which has significantly simplified and made programming and development of coding languages ??more efficient.

The Object-Oriented methodology has many features that make it easy to solve many complex problems faced by developers since ancient times. It is the first programming methodology that connects coding problems to the real world and finds practical solutions for them.

This programming approach makes coding much simpler and more multifunctional by dividing data into objects and classes. It includes features like Inheritance, Data Abstraction, Polymorphism, Encapsulation, Extensibility, Generosity, and Message Passing, all of which you can read about in more detail in the article above.

I hope you enjoyed this article and continue your quest to learn Python.

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