WHAT IS HTML HISTORY |FULL DETAIL , ITS EXTRA INFORMATION

HTML

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the standard markup language for documents displayed in web browsers. It defines the content and structure of web content. It is often supported by technologies such as Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and scripting languages ??such as JavaScript.

Web browsers retrieve HTML documents from a web server or local storage and convert them into multimedia web pages. HTML semantically describes the structure of a web page and primarily consists of symbols for its appearance.

HTML elements are the fundamental structure of HTML pages. With the help of HTML structures, images and other objects, such as interactive forms, can be included in a page.

HTML provides a means of creating structured documents by denoting structural meaning for headings, paragraphs, lists, links, quotes, and other items. HTML elements are defined by tags using parentheses (angle brackets). Tags such as and add content directly to the page.

Other tags, such as and their corresponding closing tags, provide information about the document text and may also include sub-element tags. Browsers do not display HTML tags, but instead use them to interpret the page’s content.

HTML can be embedded with programs written in scripting languages ??such as JavaScript, which affect the behavior and content of web pages. The inclusion of CSS defines the format and layout of content. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), the former maintainer of HTML and the current maintainer of CSS standards, has encouraged the use of CSS over presentational HTML since 1997.[3]

History

Development

In 1980, physicist Tim Berners-Lee, a contract employee at CERN, proposed and prototyped ENQUIRE, a system for CERN researchers to access and share documents. In 1989, Berners-Lee wrote a memo proposing an Internet-based hypertext system. Berners-Lee specified HTML and wrote the browser and server software in late 1990.

That same year, Berners-Lee and CERN data systems engineer Robert Cailliau collaborated on a request for joint funding, but the project was not formally adopted by CERN. In his personal notes from 1990, Berners-Lee listed “some of the many areas in which hypertext is used”; an encyclopedia is the first entry.[5]

The first publicly available description of HTML was a document called “HTML Tags”,[6] first mentioned on the Internet by Tim Berners-Lee in late 1991.[7][8] It described 18 elements included in the initial, relatively simple design of HTML. Except for the hyperlink tag, these were heavily influenced by CERN SGML, an internal standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML)-based documentation format at CERN. Eleven of these elements are still present in HTML 4.[9]

HTML is a markup language that web browsers use to transform text, images, and other content into visual or audible web pages.

Default attributes for each item of HTML markup are defined in the browser, and web page designers can change or enhance these attributes using CSS. Many text elements are mentioned in the 1988 ISO Technical Report TR 9537 “Techniques for Using SGML”, which describes the features of early text formatting languages.

LET US LEARN

Such as the language used by the RUNOFF command developed for the CTSS (Compatible Time-Sharing System) operating system in the early 1960s. These formatting commands were derived from those used by typesetters to manually format documents.

However, SGML’s concept of generalized markup is based on elements (nested annotated ranges with attributes) having distinct structure and markup, rather than just print effects. HTML, along with CSS, has gradually moved in this direction.

BE CONTINU

Berners-Lee considered HTML to be an application of SGML. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) formally defined it in mid-1993 with the publication of the first proposal for an HTML specification, the “Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)” Internet Draft, written by Berners-Lee and Dan Connolly, which included an SGML Document Type Definition to define the syntax.

[10] [11] This draft expired after six months, but was notable for the acceptance of the NCSA Mosaic browser’s custom tag for embedding in-line images, reflecting the IETF’s philosophy of basing standards on successful prototypes. Similarly, Dave Raggett’s competing Internet Draft, “HTML+ (Hypertext Markup Format)”, published in late 1993, proposed standardizing already implemented features such as tables and fill-out forms. [12]

After the HTML and HTML+ drafts expired in early 1994, the IETF formed an HTML Working Group. In 1995, this Working Group completed “HTML 2.0”, the first HTML specification to be considered a standard upon which future implementations should be based.[13]

Further development under the auspices of the IETF was stalled by competing interests. Since 1996, the HTML specifications have been maintained, with input from commercial software vendors, by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).[14] In 2000, HTML became an international standard (ISO/IEC 15445:2000).

HTML 4.01 was published in late 1999, with further errata published through 2001. In 2004, development began on HTML5 in the Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG), which became a joint deliverable with the W3C in 2008, and was completed and standardized on 28 October 2014.[15]

HTML version timeline

HTML 2
24 November 1995
HTML 2.0 was published as RFC 1866. Supplemental RFCs added capabilities:
25 November 1995: RFC 1867 (form-based file upload)
May 1996: RFC 1942 (tables)
August 1996: RFC 1980 (client-side image maps)
January 1997: RFC 2070 (internationalization)

HTML 3

14 January 1997
HTML 3.2[16] was published as a W3C Recommendation. It was the first version developed and standardized exclusively by the W3C, as the IETF had closed its HTML Working Group on 12 September 1996.[17]
Initially code-named “Wilbur”,[18] HTML 3.2 dropped math formulas entirely, reconciled overlap among various proprietary extensions and adopted most of Netscape’s visual markup tags.

Netscape’s blink element and Microsoft’s marquee element were omitted due to a mutual agreement between the two companies.[14] A markup for mathematical formulas similar to that of HTML was standardized 14 months later in MathML.

HTML 4

18 December 1997
HTML 4.0[19] was published as a W3C Recommendation. It offers three variations:
Strict, in which deprecated elements are forbidden
Transitional, in which deprecated elements are allowed
Frameset, in which mostly only frame related elements are allowed.
Initially code-named “Cougar”,[18] HTML 4.0 adopted many browser-specific element types and attributes, but also sought to phase out Netscape’s visual markup features by marking them as deprecated in favor of style sheets. HTML 4 is an SGML application conforming to ISO 8879 – SGML.[20]

24 April 1998
HTML 4.0[21] was reissued with minor edits without incrementing the version number.
24 December 1999
HTML 4.01[22] was published as a W3C Recommendation. It offers the same three variations as HTML 4.0 and its last errata[23] were published on 12 May 2001.

May 2000

ISO/IEC 15445:2000[24] (“ISO HTML”, based on HTML 4.01 Strict) was published as an ISO/IEC international standard.[25] In the ISO, this standard is in the domain of the ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 34 (ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1, Subcommittee 34 – Document description and processing languages).[24]
After HTML 4.01, there were no new versions of HTML for many years, as the development of the parallel, XML-based language XHTML occupied the W3C’s HTML Working Group.

HTML 5

Main article: HTML5
28 October 2014
HTML5[26] was published as a W3C Recommendation.[27]
1 November 2016
HTML 5.1[28] was published as a W3C Recommendation.[29][30]
14 December 2017
HTML 5.2[31] was published as a W3C Recommendation.[32][33]

HTML draft version timeline

October 1991
HTML Tags,[7] an informal CERN document listing 18 HTML tags, was first mentioned in public.
June 1992
First informal draft of the HTML DTD,[34] with seven subsequent revisions (15 July, 6 August, 18 August, 17 November, 18 November, 20 November, and 22 November)[35][36][37]

November 1992
HTML DTD 1.1 (the first with a version number, based on RCS revisions, which start with 1.1 rather than 1.0), an informal draft[37]

June 1993
Hypertext Markup Language[38] was published by the IETF IIIR Working Group as an Internet Draft (a rough proposal for a standard). It was replaced by a second version[39] one month later.
November 1993
HTML+ was published by the IETF as an Internet Draft and was a competing proposal to the Hypertext Markup Language draft. It expired in July 1994.[40]

November 1994
First draft (revision 00) of HTML 2.0 published by the IETF[41] (called “HTML 2.0” starting with revision 02[42]), that finally led to the publication of RFC 1866 in November 1995.[43]

April 1995 (authored March 1995)

HTML 3.0[44] was proposed as a standard to the IETF, but the proposal expired five months later (28 September 1995)[45] without further action. It included many of the capabilities that were in Raggett’s HTML+ proposal, such as support for tables, text flow around figures, and the display of complex mathematical formulas.[45]
W3C began development of its own Arena browser as a test bed for HTML 3 and Cascading Style Sheets,[46][47][48] but HTML 3.0 did not succeed for several reasons.

The draft was considered very large at 150 pages and the pace of browser development, as well as the number of interested parties, had outstripped the resources of the IETF.[14] Browser vendors, including Microsoft and Netscape at the time, chose to implement different subsets of HTML 3’s draft features as well as to introduce their own extensions to it.[14] (See browser wars.)

These included extensions to control stylistic aspects of documents, contrary to the “belief [of the academic engineering community] that such things as text color, background texture, font size, and font face were definitely outside the scope of a language when their only intent was to specify how a document would be organized.”[14] Dave Raggett, who has been a W3C Fellow for many years, has commented for example: “To a certain extent, Microsoft built its business on the Web by extending HTML features.”[14]

January 2008

HTML5 was published as a Working Draft by the W3C.[49]
Although its syntax closely resembles that of SGML, HTML5 has abandoned any attempt to be an SGML application and has explicitly defined its own “html” serialization, in addition to an alternative XML-based XHTML5 serialization.[50]
2011 HTML5 – Last Call
On 14 February 2011, the W3C extended the charter of its HTML Working Group with clear milestones for HTML5. In May 2011, the working group advanced HTML5 to “Last Call”, an invitation to communities inside and outside W3C to confirm the technical soundness of the specification.

The W3C developed a comprehensive test suite to achieve broad interoperability for the full specification by 2014, which was the target date for recommendation.[51] In January 2011, the WHATWG renamed its “HTML5” living standard to “HTML”. The W3C nevertheless continued its project to release HTML5.[52]

2012 HTML5 – Candidate Recommendation

In July 2012, WHATWG and W3C decided on a degree of separation. W3C will continue the HTML5 specification work, focusing on a single definitive standard, which is considered a “snapshot” by WHATWG. The WHATWG organization will continue its work with HTML5 as a “Living Standard”.

The concept of a living standard is that it is never complete and is always being updated and improved. New features can be added but functionality will not be removed.[53]
In December 2012, W3C designated HTML5 as a Candidate Recommendation.[54] The criterion for advancement to W3C Recommendation is “two 100% complete and fully interoperable implementations”.[55]
2014 HTML5 – Proposed Recommendation and Recommendation
In September 2014, W3C moved HTML5 to Proposed Recommendation.[56]
On 28 October 2014, HTML5 was released as a stable W3C Recommendation,[57] meaning the specification process is complete.[58]

• WHAT IS COMPUTER PROGRAMING |FULL DETAIL ITS EXTRA KNOWLEDGE

• WHAT IS HTML [HTML] |FULL DETAIL AND ITS EXTRA INFORMATION