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Computer Languages

Computer language or programming language is a code used by computer programmers to communicate with computers.

Computer language establishes communication between software programs. Computer language helps a computer user recognize the commands needed to process computer data.

• Low Level Language
• High Level Language

Low Level Language

Those languages which do not involve any translator to convert their signals into machine signals are called low level languages, that is, the code of low level language does not need to be translated in any way. Machine language and assembly language are two examples of this language.

But it is very difficult to use them in programs. To use it, it is necessary to have knowledge about the hardware of the computer. This is very time consuming and the possibility of errors is high. Their execution is faster than high level language. These are of two types –

• Machine Language
• Assembly Language

Machine Language

Computer system can only understand digital signals, which are binary (1 or 0). Therefore, instructions to the computer are given only in binary code 1 or 0 and the instructions which are given in binary code are called machine language. Machine level language is easy for the machine and difficult for the programmer. Maintenance of machine language programs is also very difficult because there are high chances of errors in it. Machine Language performs different functions on each computer system. Therefore the codes of one computer cannot run on another computer.

Assembly Language

Instructions in assembly language are given in English words, such as NOV, ADD, SUB etc., this is called mnemonic code. Assembly language is easier to understand than machine language, but computer is an electronic device and it only understands binary code, hence the program written in assembly language has to be translated into machine level language. A translator which translates assembly language into machine language is called assembler.

Data is stored in computer registers and each computer has its own set of registers, hence programs written in assembly language are not convenient. That means it has to be translated again for another computer system.

High Level Language

This language depends on the machine and this language is similar to the English language code, so it is easy to code or understand. For this, a translator is required, which translates the high level language program into machine code. Its examples are – FORTRAN, BASIC, COBOL, PASCAL, C, C++, JAVA, VISUAL BASIC, Visual Basic.net HTML, Sun Studio etc. There are types of this language, it is divided into two generations –

• Third Generation Language
• Fourth Generation Language

Third Generation Language

Third Generation Languages were the first languages that allowed programmers to write programs in machine and assembly languages. Third generation languages were not machine dependent, so there was no need to understand the architecture of the machine to write programs. Apart from this, programs became portable, due to which programs along with their compiler and interpreter could be copied from one computer to another. Some of the most popular languages of the third generation include FORTRAN, BASIC, COBOL, PASCAL, C, C++ etc.

Fourth Generation Language

Fourth Generation Language is easier to use than Third Generation Language. Generally, fourth generation languages had a visual environment, whereas third generation languages had a textual environment. In a textual environment, programmers use English words to create source code. A statement of one line in the languages of the fourth generation is equivalent to a statement of 8 lines in the languages of the third generation. In the visual environment, programmer buttons, labels And toolbar is used to drag and drop items like text boxes. Its specialty is IDE (Integrated Development Environment) whose application compiler and run time are supported. Microsoft Visual Studio and Java Studio are two examples of this.

Fortran

The full name of FORTRAN is Formula Translation. Whose short form is Fortran. The FORTRAN language was developed by JW of IBM in 1957. Which is used to solve mathematical formulas easily and in less time, it is also used by scientists in many types of research works.

Cobol

The full name of COBOL is Common Business Oriented Language, the short form of which is COBOL. In the operation of this language, a group of written sentences is made a section consisting of a paragraph and several sections together make a division. This language is mostly used in business areas.

Basic

The full name of BASIC is Beginner’s All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. Basic is its short form. It was developed by John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtaz. It is used in microcomputers for financial data, graphics production computers and many other purposes.

C-

C is a commonly used computer programming language. It was developed by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Telephone Laboratory in 1972 with the aim of creating the UNIX operating system.

At present (in 2009) ‘C’ is the first or second most popular programming language. This language is widely used on various software platforms. There is hardly any computer platform for which a C compiler is not available.

C++

C++ is a statically typed, free-form, multi-paradigm compiled, general-purpose programming language. It is known as a midlevel language because it is a combination of both high level and low level language features. It was introduced in 1979 at Bell Labs as an enhancement to the C language developed by B Jarna Stroustrup. The original name of this language was C with Classes, which was changed to C++ in 1983. It is an object oriented language.

java

Java is a programming language originally developed by James Gosling of Sun Microsystems and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems’ Java platform. The language derives most of its syntax from C and C++ but has a simple object model and some low-level features. Java applications are specifically compiled to bytecode (class files). Which can be run on any Java Virtual Machine (JVM) with any computer architecture.

Algol

Its full name is Algorithmic Language. Algol is its short form. This language is used to calculate algebra.

Pascal

This language is considered to be a modified form of Algol language. All variables are defined in this language, due to which it is different from Algol. It was developed by Niklas Ruth but it is named after the French scientist Blaise Pascal. Nowadays language has been developed for good program in structure

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