HARTRON EXAM THEORY PART -11 Programming software

Programming software

A computer program consists of a group of instructions to instruct them to do the necessary work to process the data and convert it into information. A computer programmer can write these instructions using the programming language. A programming language is a group of words, symbols, and codes that are used to create instructions that can be processed and accessed by a computer.The steps that a programmer takes to produce a computer program are called the Program Development Life Cycle (PDLC).

Programming language

A programming language is a group of words, symbols, and codes that enable programmers to deliver a solution algorithm (computation process) to a computer. Just as a man understands the various languages ??spoken in English, Hindi, Punjabi, French, etc., the computer understands different programming languages.A computer programmer can choose any of the various programming languages ??or program development tools to create a solution to the needs of the information system.

Program development tools

Program development tools contain user friendly software products designed to help build information system solutions. These program development tools automatically create the programming language instructions needed to communicate in a computer. A developer with program development tools is not particularly required to learn programming languages.

Program Development Life Cycle (PDLC)

Creating Program Logic for Program Development Learn.
*Writing program logic in a specific programming language while coding.
*Assembly and compiling programs to convert to machine language.
*Testing and debugging programs.
*Preparation of required documentation. A bicycle is a set of steps, programmers that computers use to make programs.Because the program development life cycle is to guide professionals in Information Technology (IT) through the development of information systems. Therefore the program development life cycle guides the computer programmers through program development.

PDLC The steps are:
*Diagnosing logic for a specific problem is usually the most difficult part of programming. Depending on the statements writing with programming language can be hard work. But one thing is certain that documenting the program is considered to be a very annoying task by most programmers.

Category of programming languages

There are five main languages ??in programming languages ??namely machine languages, assembly languages, third generation languages, fourth generation languages ??and natural languages. Machine and assembly languages ??are considered low level languages. Third generation languages, fourth generation languages ??and natural languages ??are high level languages. Low level languages ??are written to run a particular type of computer.High level language can run many different types of computers.

Machine language:

The machine language known as First Generation Language is the only language that the computer understands directly. Machine language instructions use a series of binary digits (1s and 0s). The binary digit turns the electrical state of the computer on and off.
Machine language programs run only on the computers for which they are designed. Therefore he is a machine dependent. Machine language programs are not portable to other computers. Coding of programs in 1s and 0s in machine language can be boring and time consuming.

Assembly language:

Assembly language is also the second generation of programming language, which was developed because machine language programs were so difficult to write. Instructions in assembly language are written using abstractions and codes. Assembly language, like machine language, is often hard to read and machine dependent.
However assembly language has many advantages over machine language.Instead of using the 1s and 0s bits series, the programmer uses symbolic instruction codes or meaningful abstractions called menomonics. A programmer with assembly language writes codes such as A for addition, C for comparison, L for load and M for multiply. In assembly language, the programmer specifies the storage location of the symbolic address.For example, a programmer may use the symbolic name PRICE instead of using the unit price’s actual numeric storage address.
One of the problems with assembly language programs is that it has to be translated into machine language in order to make computers understand. Programs with assembly language code are called source programs. The computer cannot understand or execute this source program until it is translated. A program called assembler converts the assembly language source program into a machine language that the computer can understand.

High Level Languages:

High level languages ??were developed in the 1950s and 1960s. Unlike low level languages ??such as machine and assembly languages, high level languages ??make it easier for programmers to develop and maintain programs. It has also become easier for programmers to read and use, as high level languages ??are machine independent. Meaning that it can run on many different types of computers. The category of high level languages ??consists of third generation languages, fourth generation languages ??and natural languages.

Third generation languages ??(3gL):

Third generation languages ??instruction are written in series like English words. For example, the programmer writes ADD for edition and PRINT for print. Many third generation languages ??use econometric operators such as x for multi applications and A for auditions. These words and mathematical symbols like English make the program development process easy for the programmer.The way assembly language programs go to 3GL codes are source programs that are translated into machine language to make computers understandable. This translation process is often very difficult because a 3GL source program instruction translates to multiple machine language instructions. Compiler and Interpreter are programs used to translate third generation languages.

Compiler:

The compiler once converts the entire source program to machine language. If the compiler finds an error, it records them in a program listing file that a programmer can print after the entire compilation is over. The machine language version compiles to 3GL where it goes to object code or object programs. The project road is later stored on disk for execution.

Interpreter:

Once the compiler translates the entire program, the interpreter translates the program code statement. The interpreter enhances the code statement by converting it to one or more machine language instructions and executing the machine language instruction before the next code statement in the program. If the interpreter shows an error while changing the old key line, the error message is displayed on the screen immediately and the interrupt stops.Every time you run a source program, the source program interprets into machine language followed by the statement and then the executive.

Forth generation languages:

Fourth generation languages ??(4GL), like 3GL, use English-like statements. However, 4GL is a non-procedural language. This means that what the programmer just mentions and how the program cooperates without being asked. As a result, 4gl requires less time to code the program and less program effort. In fact, 4GLs are so easy to use that very few programming savvy users can develop programs using four generation languages.
Many 4GLs work in sync with the database and its project dictionary. This powerful language allows database administrators to define the database and its structure by allowing programmers to maintain data in the database and to query the user’s database. Some database management systems provide report rights. Report Writer or Report Generator is software Which enable the developer to design or layout the report on the screen, straightening the data in the report layout, then displaying or printing the report. This report writer behind the scenes queries 4gl which enables you to access data. The advantage of Report Writer is that you can improve the data without knowing the query language. Report writers are usually menu drivers and have a graphical user interface.