HARTRON EXAM THEORY PART -01

Computer introduction:-

The twentieth century is an era of development in the field of science and technology! Which has influenced every aspect of human life! The biggest thing is! That computer that man has created! He really is an amazing machine! Today, computers are used in almost all walks of life! Today, computers are used in many fields of business, industry, knowledge and education! The computer controls the manufacturing process! And computer does many such tasks! Whose list of tasks has no end!

Computer Generations:-

The history of computer development is often referred to as generations of calculating devices! In computer language, word generation is described as a stage of technological development! A major technological development is that there has been a fundamental change in the way computers work!
As a result, smaller, cheaper, more powerful, more efficient and more sophisticated devices have given a new name to every generation of computers! According to the ‘processor’ installed in the machine, the next few parts tell about 5 generations of computers.

First Generation:-

The first generation computers were vacuum tube based machines! These computers used vacuum tubes for cruises and magnetic drums for memory! Magnetic derms is a metal cylinder made of magnetic iron oxide! On which data and programs can be stored! Inputs are based on punch cards and paper tape!And the output was displayed on the printout! First generation computers worked on the basis of binary math language (language of 0 and 1)! And only one problem was solvable at a time
Each machine worked with different binary codes!

Some computers of this generation are given below: –
(1) Eniac
(2) Advac
(3) ADSAC
(4) Univac
(5) IBM-701 Some advantages and disadvantages in first generation computers are given below!

Benefit:-

1- Vacuum tube technology made possible the development of electronic digital computers
2- magnetic tapes and drums were used as secondary memory

Losses:-

1- more massive size!
2- incredible!
3- air-conditioned devices required!
4- Electricity cost was enough!
5- needs continuous maintenance!
6- is uncomfortable to carry!
7- programming language knowledge is required for programming!
8- Commercial production was difficult and expensive!

Second Generation:-

Transistors which emerged as brain of second generation transistors computers were very cheap, more adequate and small size. This generation computer has more performance and speed than the first generation computers. Some computers of second generation like: –
IBM -1620,
IBM 7094,
CDC-1604,
CDC-3600!

Benefit:-

1- more reliable
2- easy to carry
3- low heaters
4-smaller size than the first generation
5- faster than first generation computers

Losses:-

1- very expensive
2- air conditioners required
3- only works in machine and assembly language
4-continuous maintenance is necessary
5- UP was closed only in large organization

Third generation:-

The third generation is dedicated to such technology, in which 10 to 20 transistors and registers can be mounted on the same thing. This made the computer more robust and sufficient. In this generation, the sharing concept was used.
Some third generation computers like –
IBM – 360 series,
IBM-370/168,
TDC-316,
Honeywell-6000 Series

Benefit:-

1- Less maintenance required
2- Small Size
3- Generating less energy

Losses:-

1- Air conditioning required in some cases
2- Programming was difficult
3- High level technology required to make IC chip

Fourth generation:-

Initially an IC consists of 10 to 20 parts. The technology used in the third generation is named as SSI (small scale integration). Later it was possible to position 10 lakh components on a single thing. Called the VLSI (very large scale integrated) chip, now a full CPU is a single chip, showing that much less cost and much less space can be increased by CPU and memory. Awareness is
This technology provides everyone with their own computer in C++ language. DEC-10, STAR-1000, CRAY-1 (super computer) developed in this phase.

Benefit:-

1- cheapest among all generations
2-energy output equal to no
3- faster in computation than other generation computers
4- easy portability
5- For the first time, the domestic personal computer concept emerged.
6- more reliable
7- Internet was introduced
8- operating system makes it more user friendly

Losses:-

The main disadvantages of fourth generation computers are that high level technical requirements are required to make VLSI chips.

Fifth generation:-

The fifth generation is developing or the generation makes the computer more thinking, our aim is to bring such machines whose own I.Q. It means to have the logical ability to do something. This generation is completely different! Its structure is absolutely parallel! We work in many ways! This is why a lot of work is done at the same time!
In the fifth generation, the computer will act like an expert and in architecture it will be KIPS (Knowledge information procuring system) than the current DIPS (Data / Logic information processing system)! Japan is a leader in this technology!

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