HARTRON EXAM THEORY PART -13 Network structure

Network structure

The structure or structure of the network describes how the network is designed. It is also known as network topology. There are two levels in a network structure, physical and logical. There are four major types of bus, ring, star, and hybrid network structures.
Physical level states that the parts of the network that physically exist are organized in such a way as computers, cables, and connectors. This level indicates where computers are placed in the network and how all the parts of the network are interconnected. Cable is the most popular medium for transferring information in a network.
The logical level describes the path through which information passes from one place to another in the network. It depends on many things such as which application is being used and the speed at which information is being transferred in the network. Computers share information by exchanging electrical signals. Signals are sent via the transmission medium that connects computers.

Star network structure

The star network is one of the most common computer network topologies. The computer is connected to a central network connector which is usually a hub or switch.
Information sent by any computer in the network to another computer goes through a hub or switch.
Each computer in the Star network should be as close to the central network connector as possible. The cable length between the computer and the connector must be less than 100 meters. Hub switches are usually connected to up to 24 computers.
In an office spread over a large building, it is seen that each floor of the building has its own switch or hub. Hubs or switches can thus be connected to a large local area network.

Expansion :

If there is an empty port on the central network connector then only one cable is required to connect any other new computer to the star network. There is no need to shut down the network while adding new computers.

Troubleshooting:

When an error occurs in the computer or only, the rest of the network is not affected by it. Most central network connectors have the ability to identify an area with an error and separate it from the rest of the network so that the rest of the network continues to function. The exchange of information between computers stops when the hub or switch goes bad.

Cost:

It costs more to use Star Network. Every computer in the Star network needs to be connected to a hub or switch. It takes a large amount of cable because each computer has to be independently connected to a hub or switch.

Bus network structure

A bus network is the structure in which the entire set of client computers is connected to a combined communication line.
Only one computer can send information at a time. When the computer transfers the information, it rotates the entire length of the information cable. The computer to which the information is sent receives it.

Terminator

It is necessary for every cable to have a terminator. The terminator prevents the singles from getting interrupted by preventing the cable from having a bounce bank. What kind of terminator is required depends on the type of cable being used in the network.

Set-up:

The setup of a bus network is quite common because each computer is connected in sequence along the length of the cable. The bus network is used to connect computers that exist in a small area and there is no need for a central network connector. Although the cable length used to set up a bus network is usually short.

Detailed:

Expanding the bus network is a bit difficult. When a new computer is added to the bus network, it has to be broken to extend the cable and the computer is connected. Other computers in the network cannot transfer information when the cable is broken.

Troubleshooting:

If the computer is not working properly and it is having difficulty in transferring information, then the entire network gets affected.

Cost:

The bus network is not very expensive. In most bus networks, computers are connected by copper cable.

Ring network structure

A ring network is the topology of a computer network in which each node is connected to two other nodes and thus becomes a ring. When a node receives a message, it checks the address associated with that message. The ring can also be designed in which a malfunctioning or failed node
To be bypassed.
Information moves in one direction only. When a computer sends information, it sends that information to the next computer. If the address associated with that information is not of the next computer, then it sends that information to the next computer. This information is sent one computer after another until the next computer whose address is associated with that information.

Set-up:

In a ring network, computers are usually kept close to each other. This is easy to set up because all the computers are connected by a single ring of cable and there is no need for a central connector for example hubs etc. The ring network has no beginning or end.

Detailed:

The expansion of the ring network causes problems because when you add a new computer to it, it becomes necessary to disconnect the cable, so the network does not work properly until the new computer is connected.

Troubleshooting:

When there is a break in the ring, the computers before this break can send information to each other through the cable, but this is not possible with the computers present after the break. It is also unable to determine the direction of the problem. Many ring networks have dual rings, through which the information speeds up in opposite directions so that there is no loss in the services of the network even in case of cable breakage.

Cost:

Ring network is expensive. Because all the computers in it are connected by a single cable, so if the computers are at some distance from each other, then a lot of cable is read.

Hybrid network structure

Hybrid networks have different topologies such as bus ring or star etc. together.

Wide Area Network:

Wide area networks are usually hybrid networks. This network is connected to many types of structures to form a large network. For example, one company can adopt star network structure in one office and bus network structure in another. These individual networks can be connected to microwaves or satellites to form hybrid networks.

Set-up:

A hybrid network is usually formed when attempting to organize increasing traffic by increasing a network. Hybrid networks can use different devices such as hubs, routers, and bridges to interconnect different network structures. The setup of a hybrid network is a bit tricky because the devices that are being used in it have to allow different network structures to work together.

Troubleshooting:

When an error occurs in a hybrid network, it becomes very difficult to find the source of that problem. A company that uses a large hybrid network maintains a support department for its own network.